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1851 James W.C. Pennington, while still
legally a slave, received the degree of
Doctor of Divinity from the University
of Heidelberg. Yale University refused
to admit Pennington as a regular student
but did not object when he stood outside
the classroom doors and listened to the
lecturers.
1851 First Women's Rights Convention held
with Sojourner Truth presiding on 28 May.
In 1854. 22 years after the emancipation
of slaves in the British domains, a lone
black vroman was active on the battletield
of the Crimea tending the sick and the
wounded. Despite the obstacles which faced
one with a 'duskier skin', Mary Seacole
successfully challenged Victorian prejudices
against colour, class and gender. On her
death in 1881, the obituary notices in
The Times and The Manchester Guardian paid
tribute to a woman whose personal courage
and contribution to the Crimean campaign
had won herwide admiration' {Alexander
and Dewee, 1981).
1855 Emperor Theodore
III proclaimed himself King of Kings and
Emperor of Abyssinia.
1856 - Biddy Mason gains her freedom -
one of the first wealthy land owner.
1857 - In the Dred Scott decision U.S.
Supreme court denies citizenship to blacks.
1858 Josiah Henson, Truth Stranger Than
Fiction:: Father Henson's Story of His
Own life (the real Uncle Tom) with an
introduction by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
who said "Among
all the singular and interesting ( records
to which the institution of Arnerican slavery
has given rise. we know of none more striking,
more \ characteristic and instructive than
that ofylosiah Henson (Loggins. 1931)
1859 John Brown, with a handful of men.
seized the United States arsenal at Harpers
Ferry; after half his rnen '' ·;
were killed, he was captured and hanged
on 2 December.
1862 Slavery abolished in the territories
of the United States.
1863 On 26 January
the Secretary of War authorized the Governor
of Massachusetts to raise two regiments
for the Civil War. Frederick Douglas and
others began the work with enthusiasm and
in the end, 1 87,000 blacks enlisted in
The Northern armies of which 70,000 were
killed or wounded. They fought in 213 battles.
1864 Nilo Pecanha, of African ancestry,
became President of the Republic of Brazil.
He was born in Campos, in the state of
Rio de Janeiro, on 2 October, and completed
his course of law in 1887.
1865 Rise of
European imperialist ambitions in Africa.
At first hesitant and limited to a few
coastal areas, the - scramble for Africa
developed as a rivalry between Britain
and France, the two strongest European
powers at that time. This rivalry drew
in other European powers, includiiU] Germany,
Italy, Belgium. SpainJ and Portugal. Eventually
they decided to divide Africa among themselves.
1866 Howard University organised and
opened.
1869 The famous diamond, the Star of Ethiopia,
was found in Griqualand and changed hands
first for £1 1,000 sterling and lhen
for £25,000. The British arranged
to have Griqualand declared part of Cape
Colony.
1872 Frederick Douglass nominated
for Vice-Presidency of the United States
by a Socialist Party.
1873 Gold mask captured
by British from Kofi Kakari, King ofAshanti.
The Sultan of Zanzibar signed a treaty
with Great Britain for the abolition of
the slave trade.
1884 - 1885 Except
for the years between 1914and 1918, they
(the powers of Western Europe) were ...
able to control their rivalries in Africa
within a general agreement among themselves.
No matter how much they might quarrel elsewhere,
they were usually careful not to quarrel
in Africa. The broad limits of expansion
for each of the interest powers - for Britain,
France. Germany, Belgium (though as yet
only through its king). Italy, Portugal
and Spain. - were defined with little trouble
at the Berlin colonial conference of 1884-5.
An effective agreement on partition had
in fact long preceded this conference.
The total number of slaves
imported is not known. It is estimated
that nearly 900.000 came to America in
the sixteenth century, 2.75 million in
the seventeenth century, 7 million the
eighteenth, and over 4 million in the nineteenth
- perhaps 15 million in total. Probably
every stave imported represented, on the
average, five corpses in Africa or on the
high seas. The American slave trade, therefore,
meant the elmination of at least 60 million
Africans from their fatherland. The Mohammedan
slave trade meant the expatriation or forcible
migration in Africa of nearly as many more.
It would he conservative, then lo say that
the slave trade cost Africa 100 million
people.
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Black
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