Black History

1640 Sweden entered the slave trade.

1652 Angolan kingdoms of Kongo and Ndongo are thoroughly ruined by Portuguese invasions and the Atlantic slave trade.

1655 Revolt of Maroons in Jamaica.

Oliver Cromwell, in his zeal for God and the slave trade, sent an expedition to seize San Domingo. His fleet driven off there, took Jamaica from Spain. The English found the mountains already infested with 1500 or more maroons, and more blacks continually joined them. Jamaica was finally captured and held by Cromwell and became the West Indian base for the slave trade.

1660 - The number of slaves increased rapidly as Britain gained control over the slave trade.

1663 Freedom of Maroons of Jamaica was acknowledged, land was given to them, and their leader Juan de
Bolas, was made a colonel in the militia. Charles II granted charter to the Company of Royal Adventurers which
established forts and factories for engaging in slave trade.

1669-1734 There were slave uprisings in Jamaica in 1669,1672, 1673, twice in 1678. 1682, 1685,
1690. 1733 and 1734. There were other revolts in Jamaica in 1760. 1765 and 1766. 1807, 1815, 1824.
The Christmas Rising of 1831 is estimated to have involved possibly 20,000 slaves and maroons.

1672 Royal African Company, formerly the British African Company, chartered by Charles II. Among the
stockholders were the King, Duke of York, and others of distinction. The company carried on a growing
African slave trade for a quarter of a century.

1674—1702 Barbados developed a savage slave code and the result was attempted slave insurrections in
1674.1692 and 1702.

1680 — 1688 The English African Company sent 249 ships to Africa, shipped approximately 60,000 black
slaves, and after losing 14,000 on the middle passage delivered 46,000 in America.

1684 Huge expansion of sugar and tobacco growing on Caribbean islandsand in mainland ofAmerica'scolonists
of European stock. This demanded great increase in slave labour: the Atlantic slave trade entered its main
period. In 1713 Britain became the largest buyer of Africans for enslavement.

1687 Brandenburg (Prussia) settlers established themselves at Arguin Island off the coast of French West Africa, south of Cape Blanco. There they established a slave market.

1692 Virginia Act declared that runaway slaves may be [awfully killed: the master was to receive from the public 4,000 pounds of tobacco for the toss of his slave.

The eviction of the Portuguese from his domain by Membo Changamire. Dombo of Urozi. His capital at Great Zimbabwe is now an imposing stone structure.

1696 There were already 20, 000 Africans in Pondicharry, India.
Friends (Quarker) sought to regulate slavery in the United States in a general way and prevent its undue growth.

1698 - 1707 It seems probable that 25,000 blacks a year arrived in America. After the Asiento of 1713 this number rose to 30,000 annually, and before the Revolutionary War it reached at least 40.000 and perhaps 100.000 slaves a year. It is estimated that nearly 900,000 slaves were brought to America in the 1 6th century. 2.75 million in the seventeenth, 7 million in the 18th, and over 4 million in the 19th, perhaps 1 5 million in all. Certainly it seems that at least 10 million Africans were expatriated. The Mohammedan slave trade meant expatriation or forcible migration in Africa of millions more. Many other millions were left dead in the wake of the raiders. It would be conservative, then. to say that the slave trade cost Africa from a fourth to a third of its population (Du Bois 1939).

1770 - Phillis Wheathley publishes her first poem, becoming the earliest known published African American woman writer.

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